雅思通關(guān)攻略：閱讀長(zhǎng)難句
時(shí)間：2021-03-19
來源：未知
作者：張老師
眾多考鴨面對(duì)雅思閱讀最頭疼的問題就是時(shí)間來不及，雅思閱讀模擬題專為你而來，閱讀材料皆為雅思真題素材，精讀及練習(xí)題，更有題目詳解為你答疑解惑。堅(jiān)持每日一練，考場(chǎng)上就是這么自信。
1. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths，argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements"（elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. （4+）
但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對(duì)地幔捕虜巖體（xenolith）所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句的主句中有一個(gè)長(zhǎng)插入語however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主謂，但句子的主要難度還是在that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，從句中有由but 所連接的兩個(gè)句子，一起延續(xù)到句末。首選是rich in incompatible elements修飾fluids；后面又有一個(gè)同位語和一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，都是修飾incompatible elements的，最后還有一個(gè)狀語來修飾那個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，層層修飾，比較復(fù)雜。
意群訓(xùn)練：Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements"（elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.
2. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. （5 -）
F認(rèn)為，P在1908年試圖開始寫一部小說，又為了寫一部批判S-B的偉大作品的真正本質(zhì)的視而不見的長(zhǎng)篇的證明而放棄了這部小說，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一論文又勾起了其個(gè)人記憶及小說情節(jié)的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部穩(wěn)定展開的小說。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、抽象詞
解釋：本句來自歷來被GRE考生尊稱為所有GRE文科文章中難度第一的普魯斯特的追憶似水年華，這篇文章的難度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于現(xiàn)在計(jì)算機(jī)考試的題目。普魯斯特是公認(rèn)的意識(shí)流小說的先驅(qū)，據(jù)筆者推測(cè)，本文的原作者必定是研究普魯斯特的大家，因此其文章必然帶有思維的跳躍，、不連貫性、時(shí)空顛倒等意識(shí)流手法：經(jīng)過ETS的改編后，雖然可讀性略有嗇，然積重難返、無法救藥，于是墮落成一篇流水帳文章。從本句的結(jié)構(gòu)來看，也可以表現(xiàn)作者的這種敘事風(fēng)格：本句從that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句開始，實(shí)際上是以普魯斯特的意識(shí)流向?yàn)榫€索，以列舉的方式描述其動(dòng)機(jī)的變化，從一開始的寫別的小說，其英文為Prout had tried to…, abandoned…,found…,and allowed..。但是因?yàn)閍bandoned之后的狀語for…的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、用詞抽象，所以這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)不太容易被看出來。Blindness在此不是指真盲，而是指缺乏辨認(rèn)能力difficult to discern, make out,or discover,視而不見。Give rise to 這個(gè)詞組的意思是引起，使發(fā)生。
意群訓(xùn)練：Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.
3.The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. （5）
各種有意義的聯(lián)系在所有的層次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的夢(mèng)幻般的情感，層出不窮并不斷重新組合排列；正是這些有意義的聯(lián)系的豐富性和復(fù)雜性，致使普魯斯特難于將它們錯(cuò)落有致地安排好。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞
解釋：請(qǐng)?jiān)徆P者在此所做中文翻譯的艱澀難懂，為了讓讀者能夠更好地理解句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，本書盡量把中文翻譯與英文原文的語序相對(duì)應(yīng)，而且盡可能的不用意譯。為了達(dá)到這個(gè)目的，可以說絞盡腦汁，但本句之難懂也全非筆者之故，原文作者使用了大量的抽象詞。本句仍然來自于上面說過的這篇關(guān)于普魯斯特的文章。句中的主語是The very richness and complexity,其后的修飾成分長(zhǎng)達(dá)三行，of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings,其中還夾雜著插入語，有效地分開了主語和謂語。其實(shí)本句雖然結(jié)構(gòu)也比較復(fù)雜，但是不見得比前面的句子復(fù)雜得多，其真正的難點(diǎn)，還在于句子中大量的抽象詞的使用。由于筆者在附錄中所提到的原因，抽象詞可以嚴(yán)重地占據(jù)大腦資源，因此帶有大量的抽象詞的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子就更為難懂，比如本句就是一個(gè)很好的例子，復(fù)雜修飾與抽象詞狼狽為奸，句意另人難以理解。
意群訓(xùn)練：The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels, from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.
4. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. (4) 但是我們當(dāng)中的那些希望（也算上K本人）K新出版的P1909年書信的全集能夠更加詳細(xì)的記錄下這一過程的人都大失所望。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句中從句套從句，致使主語those of us與謂語的距離很遠(yuǎn)，而且中間的成分又極多，使得句子很難讀懂。修飾主語those of us的定語從句who hoped之中又套了一個(gè)賓語從句，賓語從句的主語complete edition又被一前一后的兩個(gè)定語所修飾，之后才依次是賓語從句的謂語、賓語：主句的系動(dòng)詞、表語。
意群訓(xùn)練：But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.
5. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land. （5 -）
現(xiàn)在我們必須也按照我們墨西哥裔的美國(guó)人的經(jīng)歷來審視這個(gè)文化，我們的經(jīng)歷是從一個(gè)主權(quán)的民族變成了新來的定居者的同胞，在最終淪落成為一個(gè)被征服的民族--在我們自己的土地上的契約的少數(shù)民族。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、固定搭配
解釋：主句中的as we Mexican Americans have experienced it 是examine的狀語，說明審視的角度；后面直至句尾的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)又是experience的狀語，詳述了經(jīng)歷的具體過程。就是這個(gè)分詞有些難懂，因?yàn)槲覀兪熘慕Y(jié)構(gòu)是from…to…沒有見過，也沒有想到過后面居然還有一個(gè)to,因此看到這個(gè)套了一個(gè)插入語的newly arriving settlers to , finally, a conquered people的時(shí)候頭腦發(fā)生混亂，不明所以、不知所措。這里的to還是與前面的from搭配的，也就是說，原文的結(jié)構(gòu)是from…to…to…
意群訓(xùn)練：Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land.
6. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s（cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s（mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA;s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. （4）
科學(xué)家可以制造出特異的（specific）互補(bǔ)DNA’s（cDNA’s），以此作為分子探子（molecular probe），探覓出肽激素的信使RNA’s（mRNA’s）。如果大腦正在制造著肽激素，則細(xì)胞就會(huì)含有這些信使RNA’s.假若細(xì)胞所制造的產(chǎn)品類似于肽激素但并非與這些肽激素全然相同，那么，互補(bǔ)cDNA’s應(yīng)仍然和這些信使mDNA’s粘結(jié)的程度。含有這些mRNA’s的腦細(xì)胞然后就可以被分離開來，研究者可對(duì)其信使RNA’s進(jìn)行解碼，以確定它們的蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品究竟是什么，并確定這些蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品在何種程度上類似于真正的肽激素。
難句類型：易混詞
解釋：與其他的難句不同的是，心上的英文不止一句。筆者之所以在本句中不設(shè)標(biāo)志和翻譯，是因?yàn)檫@三句話從結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上來說并不難。然而很少有人能夠真正的一次把這段話讀清楚，原因在于兩個(gè)容易混淆的單詞cDNA’s和mRNA’s在文中交替出現(xiàn)，而且相互作用；再加上brain cell和hormones從中搗亂，更難讀清楚原文的意思。原文的主要意思如下：可以用cDNA’s來探測(cè)mRNA’s。如果腦細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生了荷爾蒙，則其中必有mRNA’s意味著可用cDNA探測(cè)荷爾蒙。如果腦細(xì)胞制造的不是真荷爾蒙，則可以用cDNA’s與其中的mRNA’s附著的情況來確定此荷爾蒙的真假。
意群訓(xùn)練：It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s（cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones.
